فصلنامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی
سال سی و هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 143، زمستان 1400)

Flood forecasting is considered through land use and building density in most urban designs, whereas this method has not been very successful based on the experiences. This study aimed to propose a proper method for flood forecasting in Sabzevar city, emphasizing the relationship between the parameters of hydrological models, urban development, and the scenarios considered in the comprehensive plan of 2005-2006 in Sabzevar city.

This research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of the aim and method, respectively. The data were collected using documentary and field methods. The flood susceptibility map of Sabzevar city was prepared using the SVM model. The model was validated using the ROC curve. The basin’s hydrology was studied using the Sabzevar Synoptic Meteorological Station data from 1358 to 1398. Urban hydrological models and Geographic Information System were used to predict the runoff during different urban development scenarios in the return periods of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years.

Due to the higher building density, the susceptibility to flooding risk vulnerabilities is higher in districts 1, 2, and 3 of Sabzevar city ROC showed the acceptable validity of the SVM model (AUC=0.9123). Surface runoff forecasts for the return periods and different scenarios indicate that the channels are not proper for runoff transmission.

It is very important to pay attention to the ratio of permeable and impermeable surfaces in comprehensive plans in order to prevent flooding. The SVM method is sufficiently compatible with Iranian conditions and can be used in similar conditions.

 Urban development plans try to restore dynamism and vitality to urban contexts, but the lack of existing structure and modeling of previous plans has made the definition of sustainable urban form a challenge for urban planners. The purpose of this article was to explain the coherent form of Shiraz based on the concept of connectivity. 

 This descriptive-analytical research was conducted by documentary and field method in 2021. This study was conducted in Shiraz and the sample size was urban and street blocks and functional zones of 11 districts of this city.

 The interconnected centers of the city geometrically and functionally affect each other as long as all the effects occur between the centers in a single area. Therefore, before applying changes in the physical form of each area of Shiraz, its consequences should be considered in the affected area. These consequences are due to the position of the position in relation to the priority of influencing the influence of the boundary number of each block, influence in complex network centers and interconnected centers, irregular structure, control and promotion of construction, population and the extent of various economic and social indicators, culturally, and physically examined.

 In the process of urban planning, changes in each region should not be considered as an independent region and the pattern of interoperability in urban development planning and management should be considered for regular organization and their effects in order to achieve Use coherence in form.

Observance of passive defense requirements is one of the necessary principles for the sustainable development of the city's facilities and infrastructure and the protection of people's lives and property is considered, Therefore, the attention of managers and officials to the principles of passive defense provides the necessary grounds for advancing this new approach in order to promote the concept of urban safety and security. The aim of the present study was to Physical planning with a passive defense approach in the city of Zahedan.

The present descriptive-analytical research was conducted in 2021. This research is applied in terms of purpose. Collecting information and data in the form of documents and libraries and using the studies of consulting engineers and related organizations and extracting data from GIS maps of the city. For data analysis, Super Decisions (ANP model) and Arc GIS software was used.

The results of combining the maps using GIS-ANP method showed, In the event of a crisis, out of the total area of the city, an area of about 735 hectares is in an unfavorable condition, 1240 hectares with relatively unfavorable condition, 3120 hectares average, 2187 hectares are relatively suitable and 790 hectares were in good condition.

And on the suburbs city, especially in the southern half, it was unsuitable and completely unsuitable.

Social capital as one of the important sources of human relations, It has a great role on the dynamism and development of social dimensions among city dwellers. Social capital is one of the basic and effective components in the development, dynamism and vitality of urban areas, and it is referred to as the foundation of socio-economic and physical development of any society and city. Therefore, therefore, the purpose of this study is the role of social capital in the physical development of the five regions of Zahedan.

The present descriptive-analytical research was conducted in 2021. This research is applied in terms of purpose. Data required for research by documentary-field method (questionnaire and observation), was collected. In the study, two types of statistical population were used. 1) Residents of Zahedan city based on random sampling and using Cochran's formula, 384 people was selected as (sample population) of Zahedan. 2) The statistical population was specialists, which was selected as a sample population based on sample community of 20 people. SPSS software and FARAS and FVIKOR models was used to analyze the data.

The results of factor analysis test showed that among the studied indices of networks and social support, the most effective index of social capital in the areas of Zahedan with a weight (28.75) was selected. The results of correlation analysis showed that the social capital index has a great impact on the level of physical development in Zahedan. The results of spatial analysis of the five regions of Zahedan city based on physical development with the impact of social capital indicators, using the FVIKOR model showed that region one city with a weight (0.254) is in priority.

Social networks created in the city of Zahedan through participation in local associations, Local groups and organizations, Create channels for social capital and physical development factor, which, in turn, has brought about individual norms and public mutual cooperation in the five districts of Zahedan.

 Scientific research journals are one of the main and most reputable bases for presenting the scientific achievements of the country. This study aimed to investigate the adequacy of the use of climatic data and the variety of common methods in climate-related architectural studies and to review studies in the field of climate zoning and the diversity of case studies to meet the need for research of climatic architecture.

In this applied research, citation and content analysis methods have been used. The sample population in this article is equal to the target population and includes 101 scientific-research articles in the field of climatic architecture and 51 articles in the field of climatic zoning that was published with the keywords of "climate" and "climatic zoning" in Iran in 2001-2020. Data were collected using the library, review of written documents, and internal publications databases. The tools of this study included a coding sheet. In order to the reliability of the instrument was confirmed using the Scott test. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25 software and descriptive statistics. Meanwhile, the case study of 47% of climatic zoning studies was the northwestern and northern half of Iran with cold temperate, and mild humid temperate.

 The climatic attributes were expressed in climatic architecture studies by the descriptive (45.54%) and qualitative/quantitative descriptive methods (88/11%). The frequency of climatic architecture studies in 2001-2020 in hot and dry areas is considered (45%). Climatic zoning using the combination of climatic elements (27.77) and the Coupon Geiger method (16.22) were the methods with the highest frequency used for climatic zoning.

 Climatic zoning in studies published in 2001-2020 is not sufficient to meet the needs of researchers in the field of climatic architecture, especially in hot and dry temperate and in provinces with high building density, including Tehran

One of the components that affect the quality of urban life is indicators related to traffic and transportation equipment, and it is impossible to analyze issues related to sustainable development in cities without considering traffic and transportation indicators.

The present study is the analytical-comparative type, and using the multimoora technique has been analyzed indicators related to traffic and transportation equipment in 15 Regions of the Isfahan metropolis. The weights of the indicators related to traffic and transportation equipment in the Isfahan metropolis have been calculated through the Shannon entropy model. These weights have been used in the multimoora technique. Using three approaches of multimoora technique such as ratio system approach, reference point approach, complete multiplication approach, the analysis of indicators related to traffic equipment and transportation in Isfahan metropolis has been undertaken.

In the ratio system approach, the highest y-score belonged to Region 10 of Isfahan (0.4010), and the lowest score belonged to Region 11 of Isfahan (0.0278). The highest score of reference point approach belonged to Region 8 of Isfahan metropolis, and Regions 5, 11, 12 and 14 obtained the lowest score of reference point approach. In the complete multiplication approach, Isfahan metropolitan Region 6 had the highest score and Regions 5, 9, 11, 12, 14 and 15 obtained the lowest score.

Investigating the differences in the scores obtained from the three approaches of multimoora technique, i.e., the ratio system approach, reference point approach, complete multiplication approach, and the combination of these three approaches using the dominance theory indicates the existence of inequality in traffic equipment and transportation in 15 Regions of Isfahan metropolis.

Along the progress of human technology and knowledge in different fields, the possibility of their vulnerability in the face with natural crises has been spiked noticeably. From the crisis management point of view, one of the most important issue is the recognizing of suitable place to set up the relief and rescue centers to help and to organize swiftly for injuries therefore, The present article seeks to locate rescue centers based on efficient qualities in the city of Mashhad.

The method of the present study is descriptive and location and is applied in terms of purpose. Gathering information from library sources and a collection of published reports, documents and statistics. Numerous criteria for locating these centers were extracted from reliable sources. Then, using the opinion of experts, the most important location criteria were determined according to the conditions of Mashhad city. Based on the determined criteria, the location of rescue centers for Mashhad has been done with the help of hierarchical analysis method and using GIS software.

Taking into account the criteria of distance from residential uses, medical centers, fire stations, proper access to roads and distance from dangerous urban facilities, the location of rescue centers in the city of Mashhad was done.

Finally, according to prioritized criteria, the best place for relief and rescue centers has been opted for.

 Religious-historical tourism is considered an important factor in urban development; because it has a high potential to attract tourists and is considered one of the most important and prosperous types of tourism, which has significant effects on various dimensions of society. This study aimed to investigate the indigenous requirements set for the development of religious-historical tourism in Zanjan.

 This descriptive-analytical research is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of method, which was conducted in Zanjan, Iran, in 2021-2022. 17 experts (specialists, university professors, and Zanjan city managers) were selected for interviews in the framework of final theoretical saturation, using purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using the Grounded theory method.

 39 concepts, 12 semantic units, and 8 categories (advertising, integrated tourism management, infrastructure development, strengthening the culture of tourism, utilization of specialized forces, rules and regulations, development of a strategic plan, and tourism crisis management) were extracted from the interviews with experts using contextual theory.

 Religious-historical tourism has been effective in Zanjan city development in terms of developing an indigenous model. The proposed suggestions in the form of categories are important to the sustainable development of religious-historical tourism in Zanjan city.

The provision of services will not be possible by urban management alone. Therefore, cooperation between the private and public sector in form of public-private partnership is necessary. In partnership between the private sector and the public sector, common interests are very fundamental. Less researches are about urban planning incentives which is addressed to the agreed incentives of both the public and private sectors. So, this paper identifies urban planning incentives in public-private partnership in accordance with the opinions of the investor and urban management for the first time.

The present inquiry has been done through a qualitative approach in 2020.  The sampling method was non-random and these interviews were continued with 11 people until saturation was obtained. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews with investors and municipal employees as public and private sectors. Data analysis and coding was done through sub-coding and attribute coding.

The collected data were analyzed in the form of 110 primary codes, 29 sub-codes and 5 categories such as appropriate environment, increasing users, indirect profitability, direct profitability and increasing land and building prices. Sub-coding were about flexibility, site selection and land use.

The results of this study show that urban planning incentives are not only limited to financial benefit and profitability, but also include factors such as public satisfaction and creating an appropriate environment.

Citizen Participation is one of the main strategies to move towards sustainable urban development at its lowest level, ie on the micro-scale of urban neighborhoods. Its development and promotion requires participation in urban planning. The purpose of this study was the managerial role of neighborhood-based in socio-economic sustainability of Zabol city.

The present descriptive-analytical research was conducted in 2021. This research is applied in terms of purpose. Data required for research by documentary-field method (questionnaire and observation), was collected. In the study, two types of statistical population were used. A) Households living in the city of Zabol as a sample population, and the sample size was determined using the Cochran's formula of 383 people. B) Statistical population, managers and specialists based on targeted sampling of 20 people, was selected as the sample community. SPSS software and WASPAS model was used to analyze the data.

Results of one-sample t-test according to the means obtained less than (3), it was Indicated the unsatisfactory situation of participatory management indicators in Zabol city. Regression test results showed, there was a significant relationship between participatory management and social and economic development of Zabol urban neighborhoods, at a level of confidence above 0.99. The results of the WASPAS decision-making model showed that the 17th neighborhood of Zabol city is in the priority of being influenced by participatory management in economic and social dimensions.

In the studied neighborhoods of Zabol city, the situation of participatory management was evaluated as unfavorable and these neighborhoods have a different situation according to the impact of participatory management in economic and social dimensions.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the aging status of the population (65 years and older).

The research method of the present study is a combination of descriptive-analytical, documentary and secondary analysis methods and the research is applied based on the purpose. To analyze and evaluate the demographic indicators of the elderly in the country, the data and census data of 2016 have been used. In order to study the spatial characteristics of the elderly population, the aging ratio, total dependency ratio, elderly dependency ratio, elderly sexual status, aging coefficient or aging index and the three-level UN index have been used. Arc GIS 10.8 software was used for spatial analysis of the mentioned indicators.

The results show that the average population of 65 years and older in the whole country for 2016 is equal to 6.1%. Gilan province with 8.9% of the population aged 65 and over is the oldest province and Sistan and Baluchestan province with 3.2% is the youngest province. According to the UN three-level index, the provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan and Hormozgan are young, Isfahan, Tehran, Mazandaran, Gilan and East Azarbaijan are old and the rest of the provinces are adult. Gilan province with 36.43 and 12.14, respectively, has the lowest dependence rate and the highest dependency ratio of the elderly. 22.58% of the provinces of the country are facing the aging of men and 77.42% are facing the aging of women.

The results of this study showed that the population of Iran has passed its youth and is entering middle age and old age with an upward trend. In general, the situation and spatial distribution of aging in the provinces of the country is such that the most problems are in the northern provinces and in the next stage in the central provinces. Therefore, government plans to solve this problem in the short, medium and long term should be with the priority of the northern provinces and then the central provinces and in later stages the border provinces are younger. This process is faster in some parts of the country and slower in others. The upward trend of the Iranian population aging index indicates that the period of aging crisis in the Iranian population is not far from expectation and it should be considered the most important challenge in the development planning system and affecting all aspects.

Management of separation of dry waste from the source by providing executive methods and creating appropriate facilities to attract maximum public participation to preserve the environment and sustainable development goals, is important. The main purpose of this study was to compare the source separation management model with the methods of referring to the source of production and using the reverse vending machine in the western regions of Tehran.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and descriptive-survey method, which was conducted to analyze information from the mixed method (qualitative-quantitative) in 2020 in areas 5, 9, 21, and 22 of Tehran Municipality. Due to the spatial nature of the location and due to the inherent uncertainty of urban issues, the basis of this study is to prepare information layers based on factors and criteria affecting the spatial distribution of origin separation management model in the methods of referring to the door of production bases and setting up their devices. Dry waste was collected and combined and overlapped in ARC GIS 10.7 software using hierarchical analysis and fuzzy logic inference.

Comparative results of the dry waste recycling management model in the western regions of Tehran showed that in the methods of referring to the door of production bases and location of reverse vending machines, 5 and 9 criteria, respectively, are effective in the management model and to implement dry waste separation. From the origin with the method of referring to the source of production and the method of setting up the reverse vending machine, 87% and 66% of the total studied area, respectively, had the optimal productivity.

Considering the importance and necessity of efficient separation of waste from the source, the results of this study show that the implementation of the dry waste management model by referring to the source of production compared to the method of setting up the reverse vending machine It has more efficiency, effectiveness, and scope.

Today, the issue of resilience is one of the most important study topics in the world. The aim of this study was to spatially analyze the components of physical resilience in Ilam against earthquakes using a future studies approach.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method, which was conducted from 2020 to 2021 in Ilam. A total of 44 specialists in the field of resilience and futures research were selected by the available sampling method and purposefully participated in the study. For spatial analysis of physical resilience components, five indices of the building structure, material type, number of floors, granulation, and age of buildings were analyzed using Geoda 1.20.0.8 and ArcGIS 10.4.1 software. Continuation, using the Delphi technique and application of the cross-impact analysis technique in MICMAC 6.1.2 software, information analysis has been done with a futures research approach.

The studies in the spatial analysis of the components of physical resilience in Ilam city showed that 3975646 square meters, i.e. 68.28% of the total area, are in the range of relatively non-incurable to completely non-incurable and 321789 square meters, i.e. 53 / 5% of the total area is in the average equilibrium range. Key factors explaining the components of increasing physical resilience in Ilam in the future according to the current situation and the degree of the direct and indirect impact of variables on each other and the future trend of physical resilience in Ilam against earthquakes including ground, open space and penetration Susceptibility, population density, strength and structural strength, residential density, access, and land use.

The results of the spatial analysis show that the resilience of Ilam city is in a relatively unfavorable situation. In fact, 68% of the residential fabric of Ilam city is in the relatively uncompromising to completely unsustainable range. Also, the spatial structure of direct map stimuli The method of physical resilience at a rate of 100% in MICMAC software showed that among the 8 primary variables, 3 factors have a key effect on physical resilience in Ilam against earthquakes. These variables are bed ground, open space, and permeability. The results also show that the relationships of key factors are very influential.